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1 function of number theory
Математика: теоретико-числовая функцияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > function of number theory
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2 function of number theory
English-Russian scientific dictionary > function of number theory
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3 function
1) функция, действие || функционировать; действовать- essential functions - routine function - safety-related functions2) функциональное назначение; роль- circuit function - intrinsic function - metering function - primary function - robot function - planning function - service function - support function4) функциональный узел ( машины)5) матем. функциональная зависимость, функция- absolutely additive function - absolutely bounded function - absolutely continuous function - absolutely integrable function - absolutely monotone function - absolutely summable function - absolutely symmetric function - almost complex function - almost continuous function - almost convex function - almost everywhere defined function - almost everywhere finite function - almost invariant function - almost periodic function - almost recursive function - almost separably-valued function - almost separating function - almost universal function - analytically independent function - analytically representable function - approximately differentiable function - asymptotically differentiable function - asymptotically finite function - asymptotically uniformly optimal function - bounded below function - cellwise continuous function - circumferentially mean p-valent function - comparison function - complementary error function - complete analytic function - completely additive function - completely computable function - completely monotone function - completely multiplicative function - completely productive function - completely subadditive function - completely symmetrical function - completely undefined function - complex hyperbolic function - conditional risk function - countably multiplicative function - countably valued function - covariant function - cumulative distribution function - cumulative frequency function - deficiency function - double limit function - doubly periodic function - doubly recursive function - effectively computable function - effectively constant function - effectively decidable function - effectively variable function - elementarily symmetric function - entire function of maximum type - entire function of mean type - entire function of potential type - entire function of zero type - entire rational function - essentially increasing function - essentially integrable function - essentially real function - essentially smooth function - everywhere differentiable function - everywhere smooth function - expansible function - explicitly definable function - exponentially convex function - exponentially decreasing function - exponentially increasing function - exponentially multiplicative function - exponentially vanishing function - finitely mean valent function - finitely measurable function - function of appropriate behavior - function of bounded characteristic - function of bounded type - function of bounded variation - function of complex variable - function of exponential type - function of finite genus - function of finite variation - function of fractional order - function of infinite type - function of integral order - function of maximal type - function of minimal type - function of mixed variables - function of normal type - function of number theory - function of one variable - function of rapid descent - function of rapid growth - function of real variable - general universal function - geometric carrier function - implicitly definable function - incomplete dibeta function - incomplete gamma function - incomplete tribeta function - incompletely defined function - inductively defined function - inductively integrable function - infinitely divisible function - infinitely many-valued function - integral logarithmic function - inverse trigonometric function - inverted beta function - iterative function - joint correlation function - joint density function - linearly separable function - locally bounded function - locally constant function - locally holomorphic function - locally homogeneous function - locally integrable function - locally negligible function - locally regular function - locally summable function - logarithmic generating function - logarithmic integral function - logarithmically infinite function - logarithmically plurisubharmonic function - logarithmically subharmonic function - lower semicontinuous function - monotone non-decreasing function - monotone non-increasing function - multiply periodic function - multiply recursive function - negative definite function - negative infinite function - nontangentially bounded function - normalized function - normed function - nowhere continuous function - nowhere differentiable function - nowhere monotonic function - n-times differentiable function - n-tuply periodic function - numeralwise expressible function - numeralwise representable function - numerical function - numerically valued function - oblate spheroidal function - operating characteristic function - optimal policy function - parametrically definable function - partially symmetric function - piecewise constant function - piecewise continuously differentiable function - piecewise linear function - piecewise monotonic function - piecewise polynomial function - piecewise quadratic function - piecewise regular function - piecewise smooth function - pointwise approximated function - positive homogeneous function - positive infinite function - positive monotone function - positive monotonic function - positive semidefinite function - potentially calculable function - potentially recursive function - power series function - probability generating function - quadratically summable function - rapidly damped function - rapidly decreasing function - rapidly oscillatory function - recursively continuous function - recursively convergent function - recursively defined function - recursively differentiable function - recursively divergent function - recursively extensible function - relative distribution function - relative frequency function - representing function - reproducing kernel function - residual function - residue function - scalarwise integrable function - scalarwise measurable function - sectionally smooth function - simply periodic function - singly recursive function - slowly increasing function - slowly oscillating function - slowly varying function - smoothly varying function - solid spherical harmonic function - solid zonal harmonic function - steadily increasing function - stopped random function - strictly convex function - strictly decreasing function - strictly increasing function - strictly integrable function - strictly monotone function - strongly differentiable function - strongly holomorphic function - strongly integrable function - strongly measurable function - strongly plurisubharmonic function - totally additive function - totally continuous function - totally measurable function - totally multiplicative function - totally positive function - triangular function - uniformly best decision function - uniformly bounded function - uniformly definable function - uniformly differentiable function - uniformly homotopic function - uniformly integrable function - uniformly limited function - uniformly measurable function - uniformly smooth function - unit step function - unitary divisor function - upper measurable function - upper semicontinuous function - weakly analytic function - weakly continuous function - weakly differentiable function - weakly holomorphic function - weakly measurable function - weakly singular function - weighted random functiondomain of a function — область определения функции, область изменения независимой переменной
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4 theory
1) теория; теоретические основы2) метод•- automatic control theory
- axiomatic set theory
- circuit theory
- coding theory
- communication theory
- data theory
- decision theory
- formal theory of testing
- function theory
- game theory
- graph theory
- group theory
- informal theory
- information theory
- lattice theory
- logic theory
- number theory
- OSA theory
- probability theory
- proof theory
- queueing theory
- reliability theory
- renewal theory
- sampling theory
- scheduling theory
- set theory
- similarity theory
- stability theory
- statistical theory
- switching theory
- theory of algorithms
- theory of binary decisions
- theory of computing
- theory of messagesEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > theory
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5 additive
adjаддитивный<т- additive measure сг-аддитивная мера, мераАнглийский-русский словарь по теории вероятностей, статистике и комбинаторике > additive
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6 probabilistic
adjвероятностныйАнглийский-русский словарь по теории вероятностей, статистике и комбинаторике > probabilistic
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7 Logic
My initial step... was to attempt to reduce the concept of ordering in a sequence to that of logical consequence, so as to proceed from there to the concept of number. To prevent anything intuitive from penetrating here unnoticed, I had to bend every effort to keep the chain of inference free of gaps. In attempting to comply with this requirement in the strictest possible way, I found the inadequacy of language to be an obstacle. (Frege, 1972, p. 104)I believe I can make the relation of my 'conceptual notation' to ordinary language clearest if I compare it to the relation of the microscope to the eye. The latter, because of the range of its applicability and because of the ease with which it can adapt itself to the most varied circumstances, has a great superiority over the microscope. Of course, viewed as an optical instrument it reveals many imperfections, which usually remain unnoticed only because of its intimate connection with mental life. But as soon as scientific purposes place strong requirements upon sharpness of resolution, the eye proves to be inadequate.... Similarly, this 'conceptual notation' is devised for particular scientific purposes; and therefore one may not condemn it because it is useless for other purposes. (Frege, 1972, pp. 104-105)To sum up briefly, it is the business of the logician to conduct an unceasing struggle against psychology and those parts of language and grammar which fail to give untrammeled expression to what is logical. He does not have to answer the question: How does thinking normally take place in human beings? What course does it naturally follow in the human mind? What is natural to one person may well be unnatural to another. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)We are very dependent on external aids in our thinking, and there is no doubt that the language of everyday life-so far, at least, as a certain area of discourse is concerned-had first to be replaced by a more sophisticated instrument, before certain distinctions could be noticed. But so far the academic world has, for the most part, disdained to master this instrument. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)There is no reproach the logician need fear less than the reproach that his way of formulating things is unnatural.... If we were to heed those who object that logic is unnatural, we would run the risk of becoming embroiled in interminable disputes about what is natural, disputes which are quite incapable of being resolved within the province of logic. (Frege, 1979, p. 128)[L]inguists will be forced, internally as it were, to come to grips with the results of modern logic. Indeed, this is apparently already happening to some extent. By "logic" is not meant here recursive function-theory, California model-theory, constructive proof-theory, or even axiomatic settheory. Such areas may or may not be useful for linguistics. Rather under "logic" are included our good old friends, the homely locutions "and," "or," "if-then," "if and only if," "not," "for all x," "for some x," and "is identical with," plus the calculus of individuals, event-logic, syntax, denotational semantics, and... various parts of pragmatics.... It is to these that the linguist can most profitably turn for help. These are his tools. And they are "clean tools," to borrow a phrase of the late J. L. Austin in another context, in fact, the only really clean ones we have, so that we might as well use them as much as we can. But they constitute only what may be called "baby logic." Baby logic is to the linguist what "baby mathematics" (in the phrase of Murray Gell-Mann) is to the theoretical physicist-very elementary but indispensable domains of theory in both cases. (Martin, 1969, pp. 261-262)There appears to be no branch of deductive inference that requires us to assume the existence of a mental logic in order to do justice to the psychological phenomena. To be logical, an individual requires, not formal rules of inference, but a tacit knowledge of the fundamental semantic principle governing any inference; a deduction is valid provided that there is no way of interpreting the premises correctly that is inconsistent with the conclusion. Logic provides a systematic method for searching for such counter-examples. The empirical evidence suggests that ordinary individuals possess no such methods. (Johnson-Laird, quoted in Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 130)The fundamental paradox of logic [that "there is no class (as a totality) of those classes which, each taken as a totality, do not belong to themselves" (Russell to Frege, 16 June 1902, in van Heijenoort, 1967, p. 125)] is with us still, bequeathed by Russell-by way of philosophy, mathematics, and even computer science-to the whole of twentieth-century thought. Twentieth-century philosophy would begin not with a foundation for logic, as Russell had hoped in 1900, but with the discovery in 1901 that no such foundation can be laid. (Everdell, 1997, p. 184)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Logic
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8 wave
1) волна
2) взмах
3) волновой
4) махать
5) <commun.> сигнал
6) волноваться
7) развеваться
8) колебательный
9) колебание
– acoustic wave
– air wave
– backward wave
– beam wave
– blast wave
– boundary wave
– bow shock wave
– bow wave
– bulk-surface wave
– carrier wave
– catcher wave
– coherent wave
– compression wave
– conducting a wave
– creeping wave
– current wave
– density wave
– depression wave
– detonation wave
– diffracted wave
– direct wave
– edge wave
– EH wave
– elastic wave
– evanescent wave
– extraordinary wave
– flexural wave
– free-space wave
– fundamental wave
– gap wave
– gravity wave
– ground wave
– ground-reflected wave
– guided wave
– half wave
– harmonic wave
– helicon wave
– HF wave band
– idler wave
– incident wave
– ingoing wave
– inhomogeneous wave
– interferential wave
– ionospheric wave
– lateral wave
– longitudinal wave
– Mach wave
– magnon wave
– marking wave
– micro wave
– modulated wave
– node of wave
– ordinary wave
– orthogonal wave
– overdriven wave
– partial wave
– pertaining to wave
– pilot wave
– plane wave
– plane-polarized wave
– plasma wave
– polarized wave
– polarographic wave
– primary wave
– reference wave
– reflected wave
– return wave
– saw-tooth wave
– scattered wave
– shear wave
– shock wave
– short wave
– side wave
– sine wave
– sky wave
– slot wave
– space wave
– spherical wave
– square wave
– standing wave
– stationary wave
– stress wave
– surface wave
– tenth wave
– transient wave
– transverse wave
– travelling wave
– undistorted wave
– unguided wave
– VHF wave band
– wave acoustics
– wave analyzer
– wave band
– wave conductor
– wave crest
– wave dispersion
– wave distance
– wave disturbance
– wave duct
– wave equation
– wave filter
– wave frequency
– wave front
– wave function
– wave guide
– wave height
– wave impedance
– wave interference
– wave mechanics
– wave mode
– wave number
– wave of probability
– wave operator
– wave optics
– wave packet
– wave pattern
– wave propagation
– wave range
– wave refraction
– wave resistance
– wave rule
– wave shape
– wave steepness
– wave tilt
– wave train
– wave trough
– wave velocity
– whistler wave
continuous wave laser — лазер непрерывного излучения, лазер непрерывного режима работы
elliptically polarized wave — эллиптически волна поляризованная
long-range wave propagation — дальнее распространение радиоволн
oblique shock wave — <phys.> скачок уплотнения косой
pregressing shock wave — <acoust.> волна ударная автомодельная
reflected wave method — < radio> метод отраженных волн
square wave generator — <tech.> генератор прямоугольных сигналов
surface wave line — < radio> линия поверхностной волны
surface-skimming bulk wave — волна объемная приповерхностная
transverse compressional wave — <geogr.> волна поперечная упругая
transverse electric wave — < radio> волна поперечная электрическая
transverse electromagnetic wave — < radio> волна поперечная электромагнитная
transverse magnetic wave — < radio> волна поперечная магнитная
traveling wave antenna — < radio> антенна бегущей волны
uniform-phase wave front — волновой фронт с постоянной фазой
vertically polarized wave — вертикально поляризованная волна
wave drag coefficient — <phys.> коэффициент волнового сопротивления
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9 MFT
1) Военный термин: Mission, Functions and Tasks, manufacturing fit test, materiel fielding team, mean flight time, mechanized flame thrower, medical field service technician, mine fuze train, missile firing test, missile functional test2) Техника: Marconi fast tuner, Multiposition Frequency Telegraphy, modeling for testability, multiband frequency translator, multistate fault tree, Minnovex Flotation Test3) Сокращение: Marconi Fast Tuning, Metaalwaren-Fabriek Tilburg BV (Netherlands), MultiFunction Terminal4) Физиология: Mean Field Theory, Muscle function test5) Вычислительная техника: modeling-for-testability, multiprogramming with fixed number of tasks, мультипрограммирование с постоянным числом задач, пакетный мультипрограммный режим с постоянным числом задач, Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks (IBM, OS, OS/MFT, OS/MVT), Master File Table (NTFS), master file table6) Нефть: multiformation tester, дерево неисправностей со многими состояниями (multistate fault tree)7) Космонавтика: Monolayer Formation Time8) Транспорт: Meter Fix Time / Slot Time9) Сетевые технологии: Multiple File Transfer11) Химическое оружие: Multiple Filter Transporter12) Расширение файла: Multiprogramming Fixed Task, Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks, Style file (MetaFont source formatter)13) Электротехника: main fuel tripping14) Должность: Marriage And Family Therapist15) Аэропорты: Machu Picchu, Peru -
10 general
1) общий
2) генеральный
3) общеобменный
4) суммарный
5) общего вида
6) полный
7) всеобщий
8) капитальный
9) равномерный
– general chart
– general computer
– general definition
– general determination
– general factor
– general integral
– general meaning
– general motion
– general number
– general population
– general recursive
– general register
– general services
– general term
– general validity
– general wastage
– in general
– in general usage
general theory of relativity — <phys.> теория относительности общая
if we go over to the general case — переходя к общему случаю
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11 go
go [gəʊ]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━2. modal verb4. noun5. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. ( = move) aller• where are you going? où allez-vous ?• there he goes! le voilà !• you can go next allez-y(, je vous en prie) !► to go + preposition• the train goes at 90km/h le train roule à 90 km/h• where do we go from here? qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant ?• to go to France/to London aller en France/à Londres• to go up the hill monter la colline► to go + -ing• to go swimming (aller) nager► go and...• go and get me it! va me le chercher !• now you've gone and broken it! (inf) ça y est, tu l'as cassé !• when does the train go? quand part le train ?• after a week all our money had gone en l'espace d'une semaine, nous avions dépensé tout notre argent• he'll have to go [employee] on ne peut pas le garder• there goes my chance of promotion! je peux faire une croix sur ma promotion !• going, going, gone! une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé, vendu !► to let sb go ( = allow to leave) laisser partir qn ; ( = make redundant) se séparer de qn ; ( = stop gripping) lâcher qn• let go! lâchez !• to let go of sth/sb lâcher qch/qn• eventually parents have to let go of their children tôt ou tard, les parents doivent laisser leurs enfants voler de leurs propres ailes► to let sth goc. ( = start) [car, machine] démarrer ; ( = function) [machine, watch, car] marcher• how do you make this go? comment est-ce que ça marche ?• to be going [machine, engine] être en marche► to get going [person] ( = leave)• once he gets going... une fois lancé...• to get things going activer les choses► to keep going ( = continue) [person] continuer ; [business] se maintenir• the police signalled her to stop but she kept going la police lui a fait signe de s'arrêter mais elle a continué son chemin• a cup of coffee is enough to keep her going all morning elle réussit à tenir toute la matinée avec un caféd. ( = begin) there he goes again! le voilà qui recommence !• here goes! (inf) allez, on y va !e. ( = progress) aller, marcher• how's it going? (comment) ça va ?• all went well for him until... tout s'est bien passé pour lui jusqu'au moment où...• add the sugar, stirring as you go ajoutez le sucre, en remuant au fur et à mesuref. ( = turn out) [events] se passer• how did your holiday go? comment se sont passées tes vacances ?• that's the way things go, I'm afraid c'est malheureux mais c'est comme çag. ( = become) devenir• have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou ?h. ( = fail) [fuse] sauter ; [bulb] griller ; [material] être usé ; [sight] baisser ; [strength] manqueri. ( = be sold) how much do you think the house will go for? combien crois-tu que la maison va être vendue ?• it went for $550 c'est parti à 550 dollarsj. ( = be given) [prize, reward, inheritance] revenir (to à)k. ( = be accepted) the story goes that... le bruit court que...l. ( = apply) that goes for you too c'est valable pour toi aussi• that goes for me too ( = I agree with that) je suis aussi de cet avis• as far as your suggestion goes... pour ce qui est de ta suggestion...• this explanation is fine, as far as it goes cette explication vaut ce qu'elle vautm. ( = available) are there any jobs going? y a-t-il des postes vacants ?• is there any coffee going? est-ce qu'il y a du café ?n. [tune] the tune goes like this voici l'airo. ( = make sound or movement) faire ; [bell, clock] sonnerp. ( = serve) the money will go to compensate the victims cet argent servira à dédommager les victimes► as... go• he's not bad, as estate agents go il n'est pas mauvais pour un agent immobilier2. modal verb► to be going to + infinitive allera. ( = travel) [+ distance] faireb. ( = make sound) faire• he went "psst" « psst » fit-il4. noun(plural goes)a. ( = motion) (inf) it's all go! ça n'arrête pas !• at one or a go d'un seul coup► to have a go ( = try) essayerc. ( = success) to make a go of sth réussir qch5. compounds• to give sb the go-ahead (to do) (inf) donner le feu vert à qn (pour faire) ► go-between noun intermédiaire mf► go-karting noun = go-carting► go abouta. allerb. [rumour] courira. [+ task, duties] he went about the task methodically il s'y est pris de façon méthodique• how does one go about getting seats? comment fait-on pour avoir des places ?( = cross) traverser• she went across to Mrs. Smith's elle est allée en face chez Mme Smith[+ river, road] traverser( = follow) suivre ; ( = attack) attaquer• go after him! suivez-le !a. ( = prove hostile to) [vote, judgement, decision] être défavorable àb. ( = oppose) aller à l'encontre de• conditions which went against national interests des conditions qui allaient à l'encontre des intérêts nationaux• it goes against my principles c'est contre mes principes► go ahead intransitive verb passer devant ; [event] avoir (bien) lieu ; [work] avancer• go ahead! allez-y !• why don't you go along too? pourquoi n'iriez-vous pas aussi ?• I can't go along with that at all je ne suis pas du tout d'accord là-dessus► go around intransitive verba. = go about ; go roundb. what goes around comes around tout finit par se payer► go away intransitive verb partir ; (on holiday) partir (en vacances) ; [pain] disparaître• we need to go away and think about this nous devons prendre le temps d'y réfléchir► go back intransitive verba. ( = return) retourner• it's getting dark, shall we go back? il commence à faire nuit, on rentre ?b. ( = retreat) reculerd. ( = revert) revenir (to à)e. ( = extend) s'étendre• the cave goes back 300 metres la grotte fait 300 mètres de long► go back on inseparable transitive verb[+ decision, promise] revenir sur( = happen earlier)[person] passer ; [period of time] (se) passerb. ( = be swallowed) it went down the wrong way j'ai (or il a etc) avalé de traversc. ( = be accepted) I wonder how that will go down with her parents je me demande comment ses parents vont prendre ça• to go down well/badly être bien/mal accueillid. [value, price, standards] baissere. ( = be relegated) être reléguéf. [stage curtain] tomber ; [theatre lights] s'éteindreg. ( = go as far as) allerh. [balloon, tyre] se dégonfler• my ankle's OK, the swelling has gone down ma cheville va bien, elle a désenflé► go down as inseparable transitive verb( = be regarded as) être considéré comme ; ( = be remembered as) passer à la postérité comme• the victory will go down as one of the highlights of the year cette victoire restera dans les mémoires comme l'un des grands moments de l'année► go down with (inf) inseparable transitive verb[+ illness] attrapera. ( = attack) attaquerc. ( = strive for) essayer d'avoir ; ( = choose) choisir• the theory has a lot going for it cette théorie a de nombreux mérites► go forward intransitive verba. ( = move ahead) avancer ; [economy] progresserb. ( = take place) avoir lieuc. ( = continue) maintenir• if they go forward with these proposals s'ils maintiennent ces propositions► go in intransitive verba. ( = enter) entrerb. ( = attack) attaquera. [+ examination] se présenter à ; [+ position, job] poser sa candidature à ; [+ competition, race] prendre part àb. [+ sport] pratiquer ; [+ hobby] se livrer à ; [+ style] affectionner ; [+ medicine, accounting, politics] faire• he doesn't go in for reading much il n'aime pas beaucoup lire► go into inseparable transitive verba. [+ profession, field] he doesn't want to go into industry il ne veut pas travailler dans l'industrieb. ( = embark on) [+ explanation] se lancer dansc. ( = investigate) étudierd. ( = be devoted to) être investi dansa. ( = leave) partirb. [alarm clock] sonner ; [alarm] se déclencherc. [light, radio, TV] s'éteindre ; [heating] s'arrêtere. [event] se passer• I used to like him, but I've gone off him lately je l'aimais bien mais depuis un certain temps il m'agace► go off with inseparable transitive verb partir aveca. ( = proceed on one's way) (without stopping) poursuivre son chemin ; (after stopping) continuer sa route ; (by car) reprendre la route• go on trying! essaie encore !• go on! continuez !• if you go on doing that, you'll get into trouble si tu continues, tu vas avoir des ennuis• don't go on about it! ça va, j'ai compris !• she's always going on at him about doing up the kitchen elle n'arrête pas de le harceler pour qu'il refasse la cuisinee. ( = proceed) passer• he went on to say that... puis il a dit que...• he retired from football and went on to become a journalist il a abandonné le football et est devenu journaliste• how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure ?• what's going on here? qu'est-ce qui se passe ici ?• as the day went on he became more and more anxious au fil des heures, il devenait de plus en plus inquiet• what a way to go on! en voilà des manières !i. ( = progress) [person, patient] aller• how is he going on? comment va-t-il ?( = be guided by) we don't have much to go on yet nous n'avons pas beaucoup d'indices pour l'instant► go on for inseparable transitive verba. ( = leave) sortirb. [fire, light] s'éteindrec. ( = travel) aller (to à)d. [sea] se retirer ; [tide] descendref. [invitation] être envoyé ; [radio programme, TV programme] être diffusé• an appeal has gone out for people to give blood un appel a été lancé pour encourager les dons de sanga. ( = cross) allerb. ( = be overturned) se retournera. ( = examine) [+ accounts, report] vérifierb. ( = review) [+ speech] revoir ; [+ facts, points] récapituler• let's go over the facts again récapitulons les faits► go over to inseparable transitive verb passer àa. ( = turn) tournerc. ( = be sufficient) suffire (pour tout le monde)d. ( = circulate) [document, story] circuler• there's a rumour going round that... le bruit court que...e. = go about► go through( = be agreed) [proposal] être accepté ; [business deal] être conclua. ( = suffer, endure) endurerb. ( = examine) [+ list] examiner ; [+ book] parcourir ; [+ mail] regarder ; [+ subject, plan] étudier ; [+ one's pockets] fouiller dans• I went through my drawers looking for a pair of socks j'ai cherché une paire de chaussettes dans mes tiroirsc. ( = use up) [+ money] dépenser ; ( = wear out) userd. ( = carry out) [+ routine, course of study] suivre ; [+ formalities] accomplir ; [+ apprenticeship] faire► go through with inseparable transitive verb( = persist with) [+ plan, threat] mettre à exécution• in the end she couldn't go through with it en fin de compte elle n'a pas pu le faire► go together intransitive verb[colours, flavours] aller (bien) ensemble ; [events, conditions, ideas] aller de paira. ( = sink) [ship, person] coulerb. ( = fail) [person, business] faire faillite► go upa. monter[+ hill] gravira. [circumstances, event, conditions] aller (de pair) avec• mothers feed their children and go without themselves les mères nourrissent leurs enfants et se privent elles-mêmes de tout* * *[gəʊ] 1.1) (move, travel) aller ( from de; to à, en)to go to Wales/to California — aller au Pays de Galles/en Californie
to go to town/to the country — aller en ville/à la campagne
to go up/down/across — monter/descendre/traverser
to go by bus/train — voyager en bus/train
to go by ou past — [person, vehicle] passer
there he goes again! — ( that's him again) le revoilà!; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!
where do we go from here? — fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait?
2) (on specific errand, activity) allerto go on a journey/on holiday — partir en voyage/en vacances
3) ( attend) allerto go to school/work — aller à l'école/au travail
5) ( depart) partir7) ( disappear) partir8) (be sent, transmitted)9) ( become)to go mad — devenir fou/folle
10) ( change over to new system)to go Labour — Politics [country, constituency] voter travailliste
11) (be, remain)12) (weaken, become impaired)13) ( of time)14) ( be got rid of)six down and four to go! — six de faits, et encore quatre à faire!
15) (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionnerto set [something] going — mettre [quelque chose] en marche
to get going — [engine, machine] se mettre en marche; fig [business] démarrer
to keep going — [person, business, machine] se maintenir
16) ( start)here goes! —
once he gets going, he never stops — une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas
17) ( lead) aller, conduire (to à)the road goes down/goes up — la route descend/monte
18) ( extend in depth or scope)a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days — on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours
you can make £5 go a long way — on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling
19) (belong, be placed) aller20) ( fit) gen rentrer22) ( be accepted)23) ( be about to)24) ( happen)how's it going? — (colloq)
how are things going? — comment ça va? (colloq)
how goes it? — hum comment ça va? (colloq)
25) ( be on average)it's old, as Australian towns go — c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne
it wasn't a bad party, as parties go — c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne
26) ( be sold)the house went for over £100,000 — la maison a été vendue à plus de 100000 livres
‘going, going, gone!’ — ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’
27) ( be on offer)I'll have some coffee, if there's any going — je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a
28) ( contribute)29) ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à); [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à)30) ( emphatic use)then he had to go and lose his wallet — comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille
31) ( of money) (be spent, used up)32) (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire; [bell, alarm] sonnerthe cat went ‘miaow’ — le chat a fait ‘miaou’
33) (resort to, have recourse to)to go to war — [country] entrer en guerre; [soldier] partir à la guerre
to go to law GB ou to the law US — aller en justice
34) (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer; [cable, rope] se rompre; [light bulb] griller35) ( take one's turn)you go next — c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après
36) ( be in harmony)37) ( in takeaway)2. 3.whose go is it? — gen à qui le tour?; ( in game) à qui de jouer?
2) (colloq) ( energy)to be full of go —
•Phrasal Verbs:- go about- go after- go ahead- go along- go at- go away- go back- go below- go by- go down- go for- go in- go into- go off- go on- go on at- go out- go over- go round- go under- go up- go with••all systems are go! — Aerospace tout est paré pour le lancement!
he's all go! — (colloq) il n'arrête pas!
that's how it goes! —
there you go! — (colloq) voilà!
-
12 set
1.[set]transitive verb, -tt-, setset somebody ashore — jemanden an Land setzen
set the proposals before the board — (fig.) dem Vorstand die Vorschläge unterbreiten od. vorlegen
set something against something — (balance) etwas einer Sache (Dat.) gegenüberstellen
2) (apply) setzenset a match to something — ein Streichholz an etwas (Akk.) halten
3) (adjust) einstellen (at auf + Akk.); aufstellen [Falle]; stellen [Uhr]set the alarm for 5.30 a.m. — den Wecker auf 5.30 Uhr stellen
4)set a book/film in Australia — ein Buch/einen Film in Australien spielen lassen
set the interest rate at 10 % — die Zinsen auf 10 % festsetzen
6) (bring into specified state)set something/things right or in order — etwas/die Dinge in Ordnung bringen
set somebody thinking that... — jemanden auf den Gedanken bringen, dass...
the news set me thinking — die Nachricht machte mich nachdenklich
7) (put forward) stellen [Frage, Aufgabe]; aufgeben [Hausaufgabe]; vorschreiben [Textbuch, Lektüre]; (compose) zusammenstellen [Rätsel, Fragen]set somebody a task/problem — jemandem eine Aufgabe stellen/jemanden vor ein Problem stellen
set [somebody/oneself] a target — [jemandem/sich] ein Ziel setzen
8) (turn to solid) fest werden lassen9) (lay for meal) decken [Tisch]; auflegen [Gedeck]10) (establish) aufstellen [Rekord, Richtlinien]11) (Med.): (put into place) [ein]richten; einrenken [verrenktes Gelenk]12) (fix) legen [Haare]set eyes on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas sehen
13) (Printing) setzen14)set somebody in charge of something — jemanden mit etwas betrauen
15)2. intransitive verb,be set on a hill — [Haus:] auf einem Hügel stehen
-tt-, set1) (solidify) fest werden2) (go down) [Sonne, Mond:] untergehen3. noun1) (group) Satz, derset [of two] — Paar, das
chess set — Schachspiel, das
2) see academic.ru/66102/service">service 1. 9)3) (section of society) Kreis, derracing set — Rennsportfreunde od. -fans
4) (Math.) Menge, die5)set [of teeth] — Gebiss, das
7) (Tennis) Satz, der10) (acting area for film)4. adjective1) (fixed) starr [Linie, Gewohnheit, Blick, Lächeln]; fest [Absichten, Zielvorstellungen, Zeitpunkt]be set in one's ways or habits — in seinen Gewohnheiten festgefahren sein
2) (assigned for study) vorgeschrieben [Buch, Text]3) (according to fixed menu)set meal or menu — Menü, das
4) (ready)something is set to increase — etwas wird bald steigen
be/get set for something — zu etwas bereit sein/sich zu etwas fertig machen
be/get set to leave — bereit sein/sich fertig machen zum Aufbruch
all set? — (coll.) alles klar od. fertig?
be all set to do something — bereit sein, etwas zu tun
5) (determined)be set on something/doing something — zu etwas entschlossen sein/entschlossen sein, etwas zu tun
be [dead] set against something — [absolut] gegen etwas sein
Phrasal Verbs:- set back- set by- set down- set in- set off- set on- set out- set to- set up* * *[set] 1. present participle - setting; verb1) (to put or place: She set the tray down on the table.) stellen, legen, setzen2) (to put plates, knives, forks etc on (a table) for a meal: Please would you set the table for me?) decken3) (to settle or arrange (a date, limit, price etc): It's difficult to set a price on a book when you don't know its value.) festlegen4) (to give a person (a task etc) to do: The witch set the prince three tasks; The teacher set a test for her pupils; He should set the others a good example.) stellen5) (to cause to start doing something: His behaviour set people talking.) veranlassen7) (to become firm or solid: Has the concrete set?) festwerden8) (to adjust (eg a clock or its alarm) so that it is ready to perform its function: He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m.) einstellen9) (to arrange (hair) in waves or curls.) herrichten10) (to fix in the surface of something, eg jewels in a ring.) fassen2. adjective1) (fixed or arranged previously: There is a set procedure for doing this.) das Set3) (deliberate: He had the set intention of hurting her.) wohlüberlegt4) (stiff; fixed: He had a set smile on his face.) starr5) (not changing or developing: set ideas.) fest6) ((with with) having something set in it: a gold ring set with diamonds.) eingefaßt3. noun1) (a group of things used or belonging together: a set of carving tools; a complete set of (the novels of) Jane Austen.) der Satz2) (an apparatus for receiving radio or television signals: a television/radio set.) das Gerät3) (a group of people: the musical set.) der Kreis4) (the process of setting hair: a shampoo and set.) das Legen5) (scenery for a play or film: There was a very impressive set in the final act.) der Szenenaufbau6) (a group of six or more games in tennis: She won the first set and lost the next two.) der Satz•- setting- setback
- set phrase
- set-square
- setting-lotion
- set-to
- set-up
- all set
- set about
- set someone against someone
- set against someone
- set someone against
- set against
- set aside
- set back
- set down
- set in
- set off
- set something or someone on someone
- set on someone
- set something or someone on
- set on
- set out
- set to
- set up
- set up camp
- set up house
- set up shop
- set upon* * *[set]I. ADJECTIVEbe \set to leave by 8 a.m. um 8 Uhr solltest du startklar seinto get \set to do sth sich akk darauf vorbereiten, etw zu tunready, get \set, go! auf die Plätze, fertig, los!we were just getting \set to leave when... wir wollten gerade gehen, als...\set expression [or phrase] feststehender Ausdruck\set menu Tageskarte f\set price Festpreis m, Fixpreis mat \set times zu festen Zeiten3. (expression of face) starrher face took on a \set expression ihre Miene erstarrte\set smile aufgesetztes Lächeln4. (unlikely to change)to have become a \set habit zur festen Gewohnheit geworden seinto be \set in one's ways in seinen Gewohnheiten festgefahren sein5. (likely)Manchester United looks \set for victory es sieht ganz so aus, als würde Manchester United gewinnenthe rain is \set to continue all week der Regen wird wohl noch die ganze Woche andauern\set book [or text] Pflichtlektüre7. (determined)II. NOUN1. (collection, group) of glasses, stamps etc. Satz m; (of two items) Paar nt; of clothes etc. Set nt, Garnitur fhe's got a complete \set of Joyce's novels er hat eine Gesamtausgabe von Joycebox[ed] \set Box-Set nt (ein komplettes Set etwa von CDs oder Videokassetten, das in einem Schuber o.Ä. erhältlich ist)chemistry \set Chemiekasten mchess \set Schachspiel nta \set of chromosomes ein Chromosomensatz m\set of encyclopaedias Enzyklopädiereihe f\set of lectures Vortragsreihe f\set of rules Regelwerk nttea \set Teeservice nt\set of teeth Gebiss nttool \set Werkzeugsatz m\set of twins Zwillingspaar ntshe's got in with a very arty \set sie bewegt sich neuerdings in sehr ausgewählten Künstlerkreisenthe fashion \set die Modefreaks pl slthe literary \set die Literaten plthe smart \set die Schickeria meist pejon the \set bei den Dreharbeiten; (location) am Setcolour \set Farbfernseher man electric fondue \set ein elektrisches Fonduegerätto win a \set einen Satz gewinnen\set theory Mengenlehre f9. COMPUTto have a shampoo and \set sich dat die Haare waschen und legen lassen17. no pl of the current, tide Richtung f, Lauf mto get a \set on sb [die] Wut auf jdn kriegen fam22.III. TRANSITIVE VERB<set, set>1. (place)the cat \set a dead mouse in front of us die Katze legte uns eine tote Maus vor\set the bricks one on top of the other setze einen Klotz auf den anderento \set a chair by the bed/window einen Stuhl ans Bett/Fenster stellenI \set her above all others für mich ist sie die Allergrößte▪ to be \set somewhere:‘West Side Story’ is \set in New York ‚West Side Story‘ spielt in New Yorktheir house is \set on a hill ihr Haus liegt auf einem Hügelthe novel is \set in the 16th century der Roman spielt im 16. Jahrhundert3. (cause to be, start)to \set a boat afloat ein Boot zu Wasser lassento \set sth on fire etw in Brand setzento \set sth in motion etw in Bewegung setzen [o fig a. ins Rollen bringen]▪ to \set sb doing sth jdn veranlassen [o dazu bringen], etw zu tunhis remarks \set me thinking seine Bemerkungen gaben mir zu denkento \set sb loose [or free] jdn freilassen [o auf freien Fuß setzen]to \set sth right etw [wieder] in Ordnung bringento \set sb straight jdn berichtigenthese changes will \set the country on the road to economic recovery diese Änderungen werden das Land zum wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung führenthe noise \set the dog barking wegen des Lärms fing der Hund an zu bellento \set sth free etw freisetzen5. (adjust, prepare)to \set the alarm for 7.00 a.m. den Wecker auf 07.00 Uhr stellento \set a clock/watch eine Uhr/Armbanduhr stellento \set the margin TYPO den Rand einstellento \set the table den Tisch deckento \set a thermostat/timer einen Thermostat/Zeitmesser einstellento \set a trap eine Falle aufstellen6. (fix)▪ to \set sth etw festsetzento \set the budget das Budget festlegento \set a date/time einen Termin/eine Zeit ausmachenthey still haven't \set a date for their wedding sie haben immer noch keinen Termin für die Hochzeit festgesetztto \set a deadline for sb jdm eine Frist setzento \set a limit eine Grenze setzento \set a norm eine Norm festlegento \set a price [on sth] einen Preis [für etw akk] festsetzento \set one's teeth die Zähne zusammenbeißen... she said, \setting her jaw firmly... sagte sie mit versteinerter Miene7. (establish)to \set a good example to sb jdm ein Vorbild seinto \set the pace das Tempo angeben [o bestimmen]to \set a record einen Rekord aufstellen8. ANAT▪ to \set sth etw einrenkento \set a broken bone einen gebrochenen Knochen einrichten fachspr9. (arrange)to \set sb's hair jdm die Haare legento have one's hair \set sich dat die Haare legen lassen10. (adorn)a watch \set with sapphires eine mit Saphiren besetzte Uhr11. (insert)a bracelet with rubies \set in gold ein Armband mit in Gold gefassten Rubinen12. MUSto \set a poem/words etc. to music ein Gedicht/einen Text etc. vertonento \set homework Hausaufgaben [o ÖSTERR a. eine Hausübung] aufgebento \set a task for sb [or sb a task] jdm eine Aufgabe stellento \set sb to work jdm Arbeit zuweisen14. COMPUTto \set a text einen Text setzento be \set in Times Roman in Times Roman gesetzt sein16. (keep watch on)to \set a guard on sb jdn bewachen lassen17.to \set the scene [or stage] for sth (create conditions) die Bedingungen für etw akk schaffen; (facilitate) den Weg für etw akk frei machenthe scene is \set for the summit next week die Vorbereitungen für das Gipfeltreffen nächste Woche sind unter Dach und Fach18. (sail)to \set sail ( also fig) die Segel setzento \set sail for/from... nach/von... losfahren19. (see)to \set eyes on sb/sth jdn/etw sehen20. (enter)21. (calm)22.to \set one's mind to [or on] sth (concentrate on) sich akk auf etw akk konzentrieren; (approach with determination) etw entschlossen angehen23.▶ to \set the world [or the Thames] ablaze [or on fire] [or alight] die Welt aus den Angeln heben<set, set>1. (grow together) bones, limbs zusammenwachsen2. (become firm) concrete, jelly fest werdenthe glue has \set hard der Klebstoff ist ausgehärtetto \set to the north/westwards nach Norden/Westen verlaufen7. BOT Frucht ansetzen* * *(INTERNET) abbr SET m* * *set [set]A s1. Satz m (Briefmarken, Dokumente, Werkzeuge etc), (Möbel-, Toiletten- etc) Garnitur f, (Speise- etc) Service n:a set of agreements POL ein Vertragswerk;a set of colo(u)rs ein Farbensortiment n;a set of drills ein Satz Bohrer;set of values Wertanschauung f2. (Häuser- etc) Gruppe f, (Zimmer) Flucht f:a set of houses (rooms)3. WIRTSCH Kollektion f4. Sammlung f, besondersa) mehrbändige Ausgabe (eines Autors)5. TECHb) RADIO etc Gerät n, Apparat m6. a) THEAT Bühnenausstattung fb) FILM Szenenaufbau m7. Tennis etc: Satz m8. MATHa) Zahlenreihe fb) Menge f10. (Personen)Kreis m:a) Gesellschaft(sschicht) f, (literarische etc) Weltb) pej Clique fc) SCHULE Unterrichtsgruppe f:the chic set die Schickeria11. Sitz m, Schnitt m (von Kleidern)12. a) Form fb) Haltung f13. Richtung f, (Ver)Lauf m (einer Strömung etc):the set of public opinion der Meinungstrendtoward[s] zu)16. (Sonnen- etc) Untergang m:the set of day poet das Tagesende17. TECH Schränkung f (einer Säge)19. ARCH Feinputz m20. BOTa) Ableger m, Setzling mb) Fruchtansatz m21. Kontertanz:a) Tänzer(zahl) pl(f), -paare plb) Tour f, Hauptfigur f:first set Quadrille f22. MUS Serie f, Folge f, Zyklus m23. JAGD Vorstehen n (des Hundes):24. JAGD (Dachs- etc) Bau mB adj1. festgesetzt (Tag etc):set meal Menü n2. a) bereitb) fest entschlossen (on, upon doing zu tun):all set startklar;3. vorgeschrieben, festgelegt (Regeln etc):4. wohlüberlegt, einstudiert (Rede etc)5. feststehend (Redewendungen etc)7. starr:a set face ein unbewegtes Gesicht8. US halsstarrig, stur9. konventionell, formell (Party etc)10. zusammengebissen (Zähne)11. (ein)gefasst (Edelstein)12. TECH eingebaut (Rohr etc)15. (in Zusammensetzungen) … gebaut, … gestaltet:well-set gut gebautC v/t prät und pperf set1. setzen, stellen, legen:set the glass to one’s lips das Glas an die Lippen setzen;set a match to ein Streichholz halten an (akk), etwas in Brand stecken (siehe a. die Verbindungen mit anderen entsprechenden Substantiven)set sb free jemanden auf freien Fuß setzen, jemanden freilassen; → ease A 2, liberty Bes Redew, right A 5, B 5, etc3. veranlassen zu:set a party laughing eine Gesellschaft zum Lachen bringen;set going in Gang setzen;a) jemanden nachdenklich machen, jemandem zu denken geben,4. ein-, herrichten, (an)ordnen, zurechtmachen, besondersb) den Tisch deckenc) TECH (ein)stellen, (-)richten, regulierend) die Uhr, den Wecker stellen (by nach dem Radio etc):set the alarm (clock) for five o’clock den Wecker auf 5 Uhr stellene) eine Säge schränkenf) ein Messer abziehen, schärfeng) MED einen Bruch, Knochen (ein)richtenh) das Haar legen5. MUSa) vertonenb) arrangieren6. TYPO absetzen7. AGRa) Setzlinge (an)pflanzenb) den Boden bepflanzen8. a) die Bruthenne setzenb) Eier unterlegen9. a) einen Edelstein (ein)fassenb) mit Edelsteinen etc besetzen10. eine Wache aufstellen11. eine Aufgabe, Frage stellen13. a) etwas vorschreiben, bestimmenb) einen Zeitpunkt festlegen, -setzen, ansetzenc) ein Beispiel etc geben, eine Regel etc aufstellenset spies on sb jemanden bespitzeln lassen, auf jemanden Spitzel ansetzen16. die Zähne zusammenbeißen17. den Wert bestimmen, festsetzen19. Geld, sein Leben etc riskieren, aufs Spiel setzen20. fig legen, setzen:set one’s hopes on seine Hoffnung setzen auf (akk);the novel is set in Spain der Roman spielt in SpanienD v/i1. untergehen (Sonne etc):his star has set fig sein Stern ist untergegangen2. a) auswachsen (Körper)b) ausreifen (Charakter)3. beständig werden (Wetter etc): → B 13b) TECH abbinden (Zement etc)c) gerinnen (Milch)d) sich absetzen (Rahm)5. brüten (Glucke)8. sich bewegen, fließen, strömen:the current sets to the north die Stromrichtung ist Nord10. sich neigen oder richten:opinion is setting against him die Meinung richtet sich gegen ihn11. BOT Frucht ansetzen (Blüte, Baum)13. TECH sich verbiegen15. MED sich einrenkens. abk2. section3. see s.4. series5. set7. sign8. signed gez.9. singular Sg.10. son* * *1.[set]transitive verb, -tt-, setset the proposals before the board — (fig.) dem Vorstand die Vorschläge unterbreiten od. vorlegen
set something against something — (balance) etwas einer Sache (Dat.) gegenüberstellen
2) (apply) setzenset a match to something — ein Streichholz an etwas (Akk.) halten
3) (adjust) einstellen (at auf + Akk.); aufstellen [Falle]; stellen [Uhr]set the alarm for 5.30 a.m. — den Wecker auf 5.30 Uhr stellen
4)be set — (have location of action) [Buch, Film:] spielen
set a book/film in Australia — ein Buch/einen Film in Australien spielen lassen
set the interest rate at 10 % — die Zinsen auf 10 % festsetzen
set something/things right or in order — etwas/die Dinge in Ordnung bringen
set somebody thinking that... — jemanden auf den Gedanken bringen, dass...
7) (put forward) stellen [Frage, Aufgabe]; aufgeben [Hausaufgabe]; vorschreiben [Textbuch, Lektüre]; (compose) zusammenstellen [Rätsel, Fragen]set somebody a task/problem — jemandem eine Aufgabe stellen/jemanden vor ein Problem stellen
set [somebody/oneself] a target — [jemandem/sich] ein Ziel setzen
8) (turn to solid) fest werden lassen9) (lay for meal) decken [Tisch]; auflegen [Gedeck]10) (establish) aufstellen [Rekord, Richtlinien]11) (Med.): (put into place) [ein]richten; einrenken [verrenktes Gelenk]12) (fix) legen [Haare]set eyes on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas sehen
13) (Printing) setzen14)15)2. intransitive verb,be set on a hill — [Haus:] auf einem Hügel stehen
-tt-, set1) (solidify) fest werden2) (go down) [Sonne, Mond:] untergehen3. noun1) (group) Satz, derset [of two] — Paar, das
chess set — Schachspiel, das
3) (section of society) Kreis, derracing set — Rennsportfreunde od. -fans
4) (Math.) Menge, die5)set [of teeth] — Gebiss, das
7) (Tennis) Satz, der4. adjective1) (fixed) starr [Linie, Gewohnheit, Blick, Lächeln]; fest [Absichten, Zielvorstellungen, Zeitpunkt]be set in one's ways or habits — in seinen Gewohnheiten festgefahren sein
2) (assigned for study) vorgeschrieben [Buch, Text]set meal or menu — Menü, das
4) (ready)be/get set for something — zu etwas bereit sein/sich zu etwas fertig machen
be/get set to leave — bereit sein/sich fertig machen zum Aufbruch
all set? — (coll.) alles klar od. fertig?
be all set to do something — bereit sein, etwas zu tun
5) (determined)be set on something/doing something — zu etwas entschlossen sein/entschlossen sein, etwas zu tun
be [dead] set against something — [absolut] gegen etwas sein
Phrasal Verbs:- set back- set by- set down- set in- set off- set on- set out- set to- set up* * *(sport) n.Satz ¨-e m. adj.festgelegt adj.festgesetzt adj. n.Garnitur -en f.Reihe -n f.Zusammenstellung f. v.(§ p.,p.p.: set)= aufstellen v.einstellen v.erstarren v.fest werden ausdr.festlegen v.festsetzen v.legen v.setzen v.stellen v.veranlassen v. -
13 wave
nACOUST, ELEC onda fELEC ENG onda f, onda de baja frecuencia fPHYS, TELECOM, WATER TRANSP, WAVE PHYS onda f -
14 go
go ⇒ Usage note: go1 (move, travel) aller (from de ; to à, en) ; to go to London/Paris aller à Londres/Paris ; to go to Wales/to Ireland/to California aller au Pays de Galles/en Irlande/en Californie ; to go to town/to the country aller en ville/à la campagne ; they went home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; she's gone to Paris elle est allée à Paris ; to go up/down/across monter/descendre/traverser ; I went into the room je suis entré dans la pièce ; to go by bus/train/plane voyager en bus/train/avion ; we went there by bus nous y sommes allés en bus ; to go by ou past [person, vehicle] passer ; that car's going very fast! cette voiture roule très vite! ; there he goes again! ( that's him again) le revoilà! ; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!, c'est reparti! ; who goes there? Mil qui va là? ; where do we go from here? fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait? ;2 (on specific errand, activity) aller ; to go shopping aller faire des courses ; to go swimming (in sea, river) aller se baigner ; ( in pool) aller à la piscine ; to go for a walk aller se promener ; to go on a journey/on holiday partir en voyage/en vacances ; to go for a drink aller prendre un verre ; he's gone to get some wine il est allé chercher du vin ; go and answer the phone va répondre au téléphone ; go and tell them that… va leur dire que… ; go after him! poursuivez-le! ;3 ( attend) aller ; to go to school/ church aller à l'école/l'église ; to go to work aller or se rendre au travail ; to go to the doctor's/dentist's aller chez le médecin/dentiste ;4 ( used as auxiliary with present participle) she went running up the stairs elle a monté l'escalier en courant ; she went complaining to the principal elle est allée se plaindre au directeur ;5 ( depart) partir ; I must go, I must be going il faut que je parte or que je m'en aille ; the train goes at six o'clock le train part à six heures ; a train goes every hour il y a un train toutes les heures ; to go on holiday partir en vacances ; be gone! va-t'en!, allez-vous en! ;6 euph ( die) mourir, disparaître ; when I am gone quand je ne serai plus là ; the doctors say she could go at any time d'après les médecins elle risque de mourir d'un instant à l'autre ;7 ( disappear) partir ; half the money goes on school fees la moitié de l'argent part en frais de scolarité ; the money/cake has all gone il ne reste plus d'argent/de gâteau ; I left my bike outside and now it's gone j'ai laissé mon vélo dehors et il n'est plus là or il a disparu ; there goes my chance of winning! c'en est fait de mes chances de gagner! ;8 (be sent, transmitted) it can't go by post on ne peut pas l'envoyer par la poste ; these proposals will go before parliament ces propositions seront soumises au parlement ;9 ( become) to go red rougir ; to go white blanchir ; his hair ou he is going grey il commençe à avoir les cheveux blancs ; to go mad devenir fou/folle ; to go bankrupt faire faillite ;10 ( change over to new system) to go Labour/Conservative Pol [country, constituency] voter travailliste/conservateur ; to go metric adopter le système métrique ; ⇒ private, public ;11 (be, remain) the people went hungry les gens n'avaient rien à manger ; we went for two days without food nous avons passé deux jours sans rien manger ; to go unnoticed passer inaperçu ; to go unpunished rester impuni ; the question went unanswered la question est restée sans réponse ; to go naked se promener tout nu ; he was allowed to go free il a été libéré or remis en liberté ;12 (weaken, become impaired) his memory/mind is going il perd la mémoire/l'esprit ; his hearing is going il devient sourd ; my voice is going je n'ai plus de voix ; the battery is going la batterie est presque à plat ; the engine is going le moteur a des ratés ;13 ( of time) ( elapse) s'écouler ; three hours went by before… trois heures se sont écoulées avant que… (+ subj) ; there are only three days to go before Christmas il ne reste plus que trois jours avant Noël ; how's the time going? quelle heure est-il? ; it's just gone seven o'clock il est un peu plus de sept heures ;14 ( be got rid of) he's totally inefficient, he'll have to go! il est complètement incapable, il va falloir qu'on se débarrasse de lui! ; that new lampshade is hideous, it'll have to go! ce nouvel abat-jour est affreux, il va falloir qu'on s'en débarrasse! ; the car will have to go il va falloir vendre la voiture ; either she goes or I do! c'est elle ou moi! ; six down and four to go! six de faits, et encore quatre à faire! ;15 (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionner ; to set [sth] going mettre [qch] en marche ; to get going [engine, machine] se mettre en marche ; fig [business] démarrer ; to get the fire going allumer le feu ; to keep going [person, business, machine] tenir le coup ○, se maintenir ; we have several projects going at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets en route en ce moment ; ⇒ keep ;16 ( start) let's get going! allons-y!, allez, on commençe! ; we'll have to get going on that translation il va falloir qu'on se mette à faire cette traduction ; to get things going mettre les choses en train ; ready, steady, go! à vos marques, prêts, partez! ; here goes!, here we go! c'est parti! ; once he gets going, he never stops une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas ;17 ( lead) aller, conduire, mener (to à) ; that corridor goes to the kitchen le couloir va or conduit à la cuisine ; the road goes down to the sea/goes up the mountain la route descend vers la mer/monte au sommet de la montagne ; this road goes past the cemetery ce chemin passe à côté du cimetière ;18 ( extend in depth or scope) the roots of the plant go very deep les racines de la plante s'enfoncent très profondément ; the historical reasons for this conflict go very deep les raisons historiques de ce conflit remontent très loin ; these habits go very deep ces habitudes sont profondément ancrées or enracinées ; as far as that goes pour ce qui est de cela ; it's true as far as it goes c'est vrai dans un sens or dans une certaine mesure ; she'll go far! elle ira loin! ; this time he's gone too far! cette fois il est allé trop loin! ; a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours ; one leg of lamb doesn't go very far among twelve people un gigot d'agneau n'est pas suffisant pour douze personnes ; this goes a long way towards explaining his attitude ceci explique en grande partie son attitude ; you can make £5 go a long way on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling ;19 (belong, be placed) aller ; where do these plates go? où vont ces assiettes? ; that table goes beside the bed cette table va à côté du lit ; the suitcases will have to go in the back il va falloir mettre les valises derrière ;20 ( fit) gen rentrer ; it won't go into the box ça ne rentre pas dans la boîte ; five into four won't go quatre n'est pas divisible par cinq ; three into six goes twice six divisé par trois, ça fait deux ;21 (be expressed, sung etc in particular way) I can't remember how the poem goes je n'arrive pas à me rappeler le poème ; how does the song go? quel est l'air de la chanson? ; the song goes something like this la chanson ressemble à peu près à ça ; as the saying goes comme dit le proverbe ; the story goes that le bruit court que, on dit que ; her theory goes something like this… sa théorie consiste à peu près à dire que… ;22 ( be accepted) what he says goes c'est lui qui fait la loi ; it goes without saying that il va sans dire que ; that goes without saying cela va sans dire ; anything goes tout est permis ;23 ( be about to) to be going to do aller faire ; it's going to snow il va neiger ; I was just going to phone you j'étais justement sur le point de t'appeler, j'allais justement t'appeler ; I'm going to phone him right now je vais l'appeler tout de suite ; I'm not going to be treated like that! je ne vais pas me laisser faire comme ça! ; we were going to go to Italy, but we changed our plans nous devions aller en Italie, mais nous avons changé d'idée ;24 ( happen) the party went very well la soirée s'est très bien passée ; so far the campaign is going well jusqu'à maintenant la campagne a bien marché ; how did the evening go? comment s'est passée la soirée? ; the way things are going, I don't think we'll ever get finished vu la façon dont les choses se passent or si ça continue comme ça, je pense qu'on n'aura jamais fini ; how's it going ○ ?, how are things going? comment ça va ○ ? ; how goes it? hum comment ça va ○ ?, comment va ◑ ? ;25 ( be on average) it's old, as Australian towns go c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne ; it wasn't a bad party, as parties go c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne ;26 ( be sold) the house went for over £100,000 la maison a été vendue à plus de 100 000 livres ; we won't let the house go for less than £100,000 nous ne voulons pas vendre la maison à moins de 100 000 livres ; those rugs are going cheap ces tapis ne sont pas chers ; the house will go to the highest bidder la maison sera vendue au plus offrant ; ‘going, going, gone!’ ( at auction) ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’ ;27 ( be on offer) I'll have some coffee, if there's any going je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a ; are there any drinks going? est-ce qu'il y a quelque chose à boire? ; I'll have whatever's going je prendrai ce qu'il y a ; it's the best machine going c'est la meilleure machine sur le marché ; there's a job going at their London office il y a un poste libre dans leur bureau de Londres ;28 ( contribute) the money will go towards a new roof l'argent servira à payer un nouveau toit ; the elements that go to make a great film les éléments qui font un bon film ; everything that goes to make a good teacher toutes les qualités d'un bon enseignant ;29 ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à) ; [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à) ; the money will go to charity les bénéfices iront aux bonnes œuvres ; most of the credit should go to the author la plus grande partie du mérite revient à l'auteur ; the job went to a local man le poste a été donné à un homme de la région ;30 ( emphatic use) she's gone and told everybody! elle est allée le dire à tout le monde! ; why did he go and spoil it? pourquoi est-il allé tout gâcher ? ; you've gone and ruined everything! tu t'es débrouillé pour tout gâcher! ; he went and won the competition! il s'est débrouillé pour gagner le concours! ; you've really gone and done it now! tu peux être fier de toi! iron ; then he had to go and lose his wallet comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille ;31 ( of money) (be spent, used up) all his money goes on drink tout son argent passe dans l'alcool ; most of his salary goes on rent la plus grande partie de son salaire passe dans le loyer ; I don't know where all my money goes (to)! je ne sais pas ce que je fais de mon argent! ;32 (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire ; [bell, alarm] sonner ; the cat went ‘miaow’ le chat a fait ‘miaou’ ; wait until the bell goes attends que la cloche sonne ( subj) ; she went like this with her fingers elle a fait comme ça avec ses doigts ; so he goes ‘what about my money ○ ?’ et puis il dit or il fait, ‘et mon argent?’ ;33 (resort to, have recourse to) to go to war [country] entrer en guerre ; [soldier] partir à la guerre ; to go to law GB ou to the law US aller en justice ;34 (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer ; [cable, rope] se rompre, céder ; ( fuse) [light bulb] griller ;35 (bid, bet) aller ; I'll go as high as £100 j'irai jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ; I went up to £100 je suis allé jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ;36 ( take one's turn) you go next c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après ; you go first après vous ;37 ( be in harmony) those two colours don't go together ces deux couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ; the curtains don't go with the carpet les rideaux ne vont pas avec le tapis ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;38 ○ euph ( relieve oneself) aller aux toilettes ;1 ( travel) we had gone ten miles before we realized that… nous avions déjà fait dix kilomètres quand nous nous sommes rendu compte que… ; are you going my way? tu vas dans la même direction que moi? ; to go one's own way fig suivre son chemin ;2 ○ (bet, bid) I go two diamonds ( in cards) j'annonce deux carreaux ; he went £20 il a mis or parié 20 livres sterling.1 GB ( person's turn) tour m ; ( try) essai m ; it's your go ( in game) c'est ton tour, c'est à toi ; whose go is it? gen à qui le tour? ; ( in game) à qui de jouer? ; you've had two goes ( in game) tu as eu deux tours ; ( two attempts at mending sth) tu as déjà essayé deux fois ; to have a go at sth essayer de faire qch ; have another go! essaie encore une fois or un coup! ; she had several goes at the exam elle a repassé l'examen plusieurs fois ; I had to have several goes before passing j'ai dû m'y reprendre à plusieurs fois avant de réussir ;2 ○ ( energy) dynamisme m ; to be full of go, to be all go être très dynamique, avoir beaucoup d'allant ; he has no go in him il manque de dynamisme ;to have a go at sb s'en prendre à qn ; to make a go of sth réussir qch ; she's always on the go elle n'arrête jamais ; he's all go ○ ! il n'arrête pas! ; it's all the go ○ ! ça fait fureur! ; we have several different projects on the go at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets différents en chantier or en cours en ce moment ; (it's) no go! pas question! ; from the word go dès le départ ; that was a near go ○ ! on l'a échappé belle! ; in one go d'un seul coup ; to go one better than sb renchérir sur qn ; that's how it goes!, that's the way it goes! ainsi va le monde!, c'est la vie! ; there you go ○ ! voilà!■ go about:▶ go about1 = go around ;2 Naut virer de bord ; prepare to go about! parer à virer! ;▶ go about [sth]1 ( undertake) s'attaquer à [task] ; how do you go about writing a novel? comment est-ce que vous vous y prenez pour écrire un roman? ; he knows how to go about it il sait s'y prendre ;2 ( be busy with) to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations ; she went about her work mechanically elle faisait son travail machinalement.■ go across:▶ go across traverser ; he's gone across to the shop/neighbour's il est allé au magasin en face/chez les voisins en face ;▶ go across [sth] traverser [street, river, bridge etc].■ go after:▶ go after [sth/sb]1 ( chase) poursuivre [person] ;2 fig ( try hard to get) he really went after that job il a fait tout son possible pour avoir ce travail.■ go against:▶ go against [sb/sth]1 ( prove unfavourable to) the vote/verdict/decision went against them le vote/le verdict/la décision leur a été défavorable or n'a pas été en leur faveur ; the war is going against them la guerre tourne à leur désavantage ;2 ( conflict with) être contraire à [rules, principles] ; to go against the trend aller à l'encontre de or être contraire à la tendance ; to go against the party line Pol ne pas être dans la ligne du parti ;3 (resist, oppose) s'opposer à, aller à l'inverse de [person, sb's wishes].■ go ahead1 ( go in front) go ahead, I'll follow you on partez devant, je vous suis ;2 fig ( proceed) go! ( in conversation) continue! ; go ahead and shoot! vas-y, tire! ; they are going ahead with the project ils ont décidé de mettre le projet en route ; we can go ahead without them nous pouvons continuer sans eux ; next week's strike is to go ahead la grève de la semaine prochaine va avoir lieu.■ go along1 ( move along) [person, vehicle] aller, avancer ; to make sth up as one goes along fig inventer qch au fur et à mesure ;2 ( attend) aller ; she went along as a witch elle y est allée déguisée en sorcière ; I went along as a witness j'y suis allé or je me suis présenté comme témoin.▶ go along with [sb/sth] être d'accord avec, accepter [plans, wishes] ; I can't go along with that je ne peux pas accepter ça ; I'll go along with you there je suis d'accord avec vous sur ce point.■ go around:1 (move, travel about) se promener, circuler ; to go around naked/barefoot se promener tout nu/pieds nus ; she goes around on a bicycle elle circule à bicyclette ; they go around everywhere together ils vont partout ensemble ;2 ( circulate) [rumour] courir ; there's a rumour going around that le bruit court que ; there's a virus going around il y a un virus qui traîne ; there isn't enough money to go around il n'y a pas assez d'argent pour tout le monde ;▶ go around [sth] faire le tour de [house, shops, area] ; to go around the world faire le tour du monde ; they went around the country looking for him ils l'ont cherché dans tout le pays.■ go at:▶ go at [sb] ( attack) attaquer, tomber sur ;▶ go at [sth] s'attaquer à, s'atteler à [task, activity].■ go away [person] partir ; to go away on holiday GB ou vacation US partir en vacances ; go away and leave me alone! va-t-en et laisse-moi tranquille! ; go away and think about it réfléchissez-y ; don't go away thinking that ne va pas croire que ; this cold/headache just won't go away! je n'arrive pas à me débarrasser de ce rhume/mal de tête! ; the problems aren't just going to go away! les problèmes ne vont pas disparaître tout seuls!■ go back1 ( return) retourner ; ( turn back) rebrousser chemin, faire demi-tour ; ( resume work) reprendre le travail ; (resume classes, studies) reprendre les cours ; as it was raining, they decided to go back comme il pleuvait, ils ont décidé de faire demi-tour or de rebrousser chemin ; they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; let's go back to France rentrons en France ; to go back to the beginning recommencer ; to go back to sleep se rendormir ; to go back to work/writing se remettre au travail/à écrire ; go back! the path isn't safe reculez! le chemin est dangereux ; once you've committed yourself, there's no going back une fois que vous vous êtes engagé, vous ne pouvez plus reculer ;2 ( in time) remonter ; to go back in time remonter dans le temps ; to understand the problem we need to go back 20 years pour comprendre le problème il faut remonter 20 ans en arrière ; this tradition goes back a century cette tradition est vieille d'un siècle ; we go back a long way ça fait longtemps qu'on se connaît ;3 ( revert) revenir (to à) ; to go back to teaching revenir à l'enseignement ; to go back to being a student reprendre des études ; let's go back to what we were discussing yesterday revenons à ce que dont nous parlions hier.■ go back on:▶ go back on [sth] revenir sur [promise, decision].■ go before:▶ go before ( go in front) aller au devant ; fig ( in time) se passer avant ; all that had gone before tout ce qui s'était passé avant ;▶ go before [sb/sth] [person] comparaître devant [court, judge] ; the bill went before parliament le projet de loi a été soumis au parlement.■ go by:▶ go by [person] passer ; [time] passer, s'écouler ; as time goes by avec le temps ; don't let such opportunities go by il ne faut pas laisser passer de telles occasions ;▶ go by [sth]1 ( judge by) juger d'après ; to go by appearances juger d'après or sur les apparences ; going by her looks, I'd say she was about 30 à la voir, je lui donne 30 ans ; you mustn't go by what you read in the papers il ne faut pas croire tout ce que disent les journaux ; if the trailer is anything to go by, it should be a good film à en juger par la bande-annonce, ça doit être un bon film ; if the father is anything to go by, I wouldn't like to meet the son! quand on voit le père, on n'a pas envie de rencontrer le fils! ;2 ( proceed by) to go by the rules suivre or observer le règlement ; promotion goes by seniority la promotion se fait à l'ancienneté or en fonction de l'ancienneté.■ go down:▶ go down1 ( descend) gen descendre ; [diver] effectuer une plongée ; to go down to the cellar descendre à la cave ; to go down to the beach aller à la plage ; to go down to the pub aller au pub ; they've gone down to Brighton for a few days ils sont allés passer quelques jours à Brighton ; ‘going down!’ ( in elevator) ‘on descend!’ ; to go down on one's knees se mettre à genoux ;2 ( fall) [person, aircraft] tomber ; ( sink) [ship] couler, sombrer ; [person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ; most of the passengers went down with the ship la plupart des passagers ont coulé avec le navire ; the plane went down in flames l'avion s'est écrasé en flammes ; the plane went down over Normandy/the Channel l'avion s'est écrasé en Normandie/est tombé dans la Manche ; to go down for the third time [drowning person] disparaître sous les flots et se noyer ;3 [sun] se coucher ;4 ( be received) to go down well/badly être bien/mal reçu ; this remark didn't go down at all well cette remarque n'a pas été appréciée du tout ; his jokes went down well/didn't go down well with the audience le public a apprécié/n'a pas beaucoup apprécié ses plaisanteries ; another cup of coffee would go down nicely! une autre tasse de café serait la bienvenue! ;5 ( be swallowed) it went down the wrong way c'est passé de travers ;6 ( become lower) [water level, temperature] baisser ; [tide] descendre ; [price, standard] baisser ; ( abate) [storm, wind] se calmer ; [fire] s'éteindre ; the river has/the floods have gone down le niveau de la rivière/des inondations a baissé ; foodstuffs are going down (in price) les produits alimentaires deviennent moins chers ;8 GB Univ ( break up for holiday) terminer les cours ; ( leave university permanently) quitter l'université ; when do you go down? quand est-ce que vous êtes en vacances? ;9 gen, Sport (fail, be defeated) perdre ; ( be downgraded) redescendre ; Corby went down 6-1 to Oxford Corby a perdu 6-1 contre Oxford ; the team has gone down to the second division l'équipe est redescendue en deuxième division ;10 ( be remembered) he will go down as a great statesman on se souviendra de lui comme d'un grand homme d'État ;11 ( be recorded) être noté ; it all goes down in her diary elle note tout dans son journal ;12 ( continue) the book goes down to 1939 le livre va jusqu'en 1939 ; if you go down to the second last line you will see that si vous regardez à l'avant-dernière ligne, vous verrez que ;13 ( be stricken) to go down with flu/malaria attraper la grippe/la malaria ;14 ○ GB ( be sent to prison) être envoyé en prison ;15 Comput [computer, system] tomber en panne ;▶ go down [sth]■ go down on:▶ go down on [sth] ( set) [sun] se coucher sur ; when the sun went down on the Roman Empire fig quand l'empire romain commençait à décliner ;■ go for:▶ go for [sb/sth]1 ○ (favour, have liking for) craquer ○ pour [person, physical type] ; aimer [style of music, literature etc] ; he really goes for blondes il craque ○ pour or il adore les blondes ; I don't go much for modern art je ne suis pas emballé ○ par l'art moderne, je n'aime pas tellement l'art moderne ;2 ( apply to) être valable pour, s'appliquer à ; that goes for all of you! c'est valable pour tout le monde! ; the same goes for him c'est valable pour lui aussi!, ça s'applique à lui aussi! ;▶ go for [sb]1 ( attack) ( physically) attaquer, tomber sur ; ( verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à [person] ; the two youths went for him les deux jeunes l'ont attaqué or lui ont sauté dessus ; to go for sb's throat [animal] attaquer qn à la gorge ; she really went for him! (in argument, row) elle l'a vraiment incendié!, elle s'en est prise violemment à lui! ;2 he has a lot going for him il a beaucoup de choses pour lui ;▶ go for [sth]1 ( attempt to achieve) essayer d'obtenir [honour, victory] ; she's going for the gold medal/world record elle vise la médaille d'or/le record mondial ; go for it ○ ! vas-y, fonce ○ ! ; the company is going for a new image l'entreprise cherche à se donner une nouvelle image ; the team is going for a win against Italy l'équipe compte bien gagner contre l'Italie ;2 ( choose) choisir, prendre ; I'll go for the blue one je prendrai le bleu.■ go forth sout [person] ( go out) sortir ; ( go forward) aller, avancer ; go forth and multiply allez et multipliez-vous.■ go forward(s) avancer.■ go in1 ( enter) entrer ; ( go back in) rentrer ;3 ( disappear) [sun, moon] se cacher.■ go in for:▶ go in for [sth]1 ( be keen on) aimer [sport, hobby etc] ; I don't go in for sports much je n'aime pas tellement le sport ; he goes in for opera in a big way il adore l'opéra, c'est un fou d'opéra ○ ; we don't go in for that sort of thing nous n'aimons pas ce genre de chose ; they don't go in much for foreign languages at Ben's school ils ne s'intéressent pas beaucoup aux langues étrangères dans l'école de Ben ;2 ( take up) to go in for teaching entrer dans l'enseignement ; to go in for politics se lancer dans la politique ;3 ( take part in) s'inscrire à [exam, competition].■ go into:▶ go into [sth]1 ( enter) entrer dans ; fig ( take up) se lancer dans ; to go into hospital entrer à l'hôpital ; to go into parliament entrer au parlement ; to go into politics/business se lancer dans la politique/les affaires ;2 (examine, investigate) étudier ; we need to go into the question of funding il faut que nous étudiions la question du financement ;3 (explain, describe) I won't go into why I did it je n'expliquerai pas pourquoi je l'ai fait ; let's not go into that now laissons cela de côté pour l'instant ;4 ( launch into) se lancer dans ; she went into a long explanation of what had happened elle s'est lancée dans une longue explication de ce qui s'était passé ;5 ( be expended) a lot of work/money went into this project beaucoup de travail/d'argent a été investi dans ce projet ; a lot of effort went into organizing the party l'organisation de la soirée a demandé beaucoup de travail ;6 ( hit) [car, driver] rentrer dans, heurter ; the car went into a lamp post la voiture est rentrée dans or a heurté un réverbère.■ go in with:▶ go in with [sb] se joindre à [person, ally, organization] ; he went in with us to buy the present il s'est mis avec nous pour acheter le cadeau.■ go off:▶ go off2 [alarm clock] sonner ; [fire alarm] se déclencher ;3 ( depart) partir, s'en aller ; he went off to work il est parti au travail ; she went off to find a spade elle est allée chercher une pelle ; they went off together ils sont partis ensemble ;4 GB ( go bad) [milk, cream] tourner ; [meat] s'avarier ; [butter] rancir ; ( deteriorate) [performer, athlete etc] perdre sa forme ; [work] se dégrader ; ( lose one's attractiveness) [person] être moins beau/belle qu'avant ; he used to be very handsome, but he's gone off a bit il était très beau, mais il est moins bien maintenant ; the first part of the film was good, but after that it went off la première partie du film était bien, mais après ça s'est dégradé ;5 ○ ( fall asleep) s'endormir ;6 ( cease to operate) [lights, heating] s'éteindre ;7 (happen, take place) [evening, organized event] se passer ; the concert went off very well le concert s'est très bien passé ;8 Theat quitter la scène ;▶ go off [sb/sth] GB I used to like him but I've gone off him je l'aimais bien avant, mais je ne l'aime plus tellement ; I've gone off opera/whisky je n'aime plus tellement l'opéra/le whisky ; I think she's gone off the idea je crois qu'elle a renoncé à l'idée.■ go off with:▶ go off with [sb/sth] partir avec [person, money] ; she went off with all his money elle est partie avec tout son argent ; who's gone off with my pen? qui a pris mon stylo?■ go on:▶ go on1 (happen, take place) se passer ; what's going on? qu'est-ce qui se passe? ; there's a party going on upstairs il y a une fête en haut ; how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure? ; a lot of stealing goes on il y a beaucoup de vols ; a lot of drinking goes on at Christmas time les gens boivent beaucoup à Noël ;2 ( continue on one's way) poursuivre son chemin ;3 ( continue) continuer ; go on with your work continuez votre travail, continuez de travailler ; go on looking continuez à or de chercher ; she went on speaking elle a continué de parler ; go on, we're all listening! continue, nous t'écoutons tous! ; ‘and another thing,’ she went on, ‘you're always late’ ‘et autre chose,’ a-t-elle ajouté, ‘vous êtes toujours en retard’ ; if he goes on like this, he'll get into trouble! s'il continue comme ça, il va s'attirer des ennuis ; we can't go on like this! nous ne pouvons pas continuer comme ça! ; life must go on la vie continue ; the meeting went on into the afternoon la réunion s'est prolongée jusque dans l'après-midi ; you can't go on being a pen pusher all your life! tu ne peux pas rester gratte-papier toute ta vie! ; the list goes on and on la liste est infinie or interminable ; that's enough to be going on with ça suffit pour le moment ; have you got enough work to be going on with? est-ce que tu as assez de travail pour le moment? ; here's £20 to be going on with voici 20 livres pour te dépanner ; go on (with you) ○ ! allons donc! ;4 ( of time) ( elapse) as time went on, they… avec le temps, ils… ; as the evening went on, he became more animated au fur et à mesure que la soirée avançait, il devenait plus animé ;5 ( keep talking) to go on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch, parler de qch à n'en plus finir ; he was going on about the war il parlait de la guerre à n'en plus finir ; don't go on about it! arrête de parler de ça!, change de disque! ; she went on and on about it elle en a fait toute une histoire ; he does tend to go on a bit! il a tendance à radoter ○ ! ; the way she goes on, you'd think she was an expert on the subject! à l'entendre, on croirait qu'elle est experte en la matière! ;6 ( proceed) passer ; let's go on to the next item passons au point suivant ; he went on to say that/describe how puis il a dit que/décrit comment ;7 ( go into operation) [heating, lights] s'allumer ;8 Theat entrer en scène ; what time do you go on? à quelle heure est-ce que vous entrez en scène? ;9 ( approach) it's going on three o'clock il est presque trois heures ; she's four going on five elle va sur ses cinq ans ; he's thirty going on three hum il a trente ans mais il pourrait bien en avoir trois ;10 ( fit) these gloves won't go on ces gants ne m'iront pas ; the lid won't go on properly le couvercle ne ferme pas bien ;▶ go on [sth] se fonder sur [piece of evidence, information] ; that's all we've got to go on tout ce que nous savons avec certitude ; we've got nothing else to go on nous n'avons pas d'autre point de départ ; the police haven't got much evidence to go on la police n'a pas beaucoup de preuves à l'appui.■ go on at:▶ go on at [sb] s'en prendre à [person] ; he's always going on at me for writing badly il s'en prend toujours à moi à cause de ma mauvaise écriture ; they're always going on at us about deadlines ils sont toujours sur notre dos pour des histoires de délais.■ go out1 (leave, depart) sortir ; she went out of the room elle a quitté la pièce, elle est sortie de la pièce ; to go out walking aller se promener ; to go out for a drink aller prendre un verre ; they go out a lot ils sortent beaucoup ; she likes going out elle aime sortir ; she had to go out to work at 14 il a fallu qu'elle aille travailler à 14 ans ;2 ( travel long distance) partir (to à, pour) ; she's gone out to Australia/Africa elle est partie pour l'Australie/l'Afrique ;3 ( have relationship) to go out with sb sortir avec qn ; they've been going out together for six weeks ils sortent ensemble depuis six semaines ;4 [tide] descendre ; the tide is going out la marée descend, la mer se retire ;5 Ind ( go on strike) se mettre en grève ;6 ( become unfashionable) passer de mode ; ( no longer be used) ne plus être utilisé ; mini-skirts went out in the 1970s les mini-jupes ont passé de mode dans les années 70 ; gas went out and electricity came in l'électricité a remplacé le gaz ;7 ( be extinguished) [fire, light] s'éteindre ;8 ( be sent) [invitation, summons] être envoyé ; ( be published) [journal, magazine] être publié ; Radio, TV ( be broadcast) être diffusé ;9 ( be announced) word went out that he was coming back le bruit a couru qu'il revenait ; the news went out from Washington that Washington a annoncé que ;10 ( be eliminated) gen, Sport être éliminé ; she went out in the early stages of the competition elle a été éliminée au début de la compétition ;11 (expressing compassion, sympathy) my heart goes out to them je les plains de tout mon cœur, je suis de tout cœur avec eux ; our thoughts go out to absent friends nos pensées vont vers nos amis absents ;12 ( disappear) all the spirit seemed to have gone out of her elle semblait avoir perdu tout son entrain ; the romance seemed to have gone out of their relationship leur relation semblait avoir perdu tout son charme ;13 ( end) [year, month] se terminer ;14 ( in cards) terminer.■ go over:▶ go over1 ( cross over) aller ; she went over to him/to the window elle est allée vers lui/vers la fenêtre, elle s'est approchée de lui/de la fenêtre ; to go over to Ireland/to America aller en Irlande/aux États-Unis ; we are now going over to Washington for more news Radio, TV nous passons maintenant l'antenne à Washington pour plus d'informations ;2 ( be received) how did his speech go over? comment est-ce que son discours a été reçu? ; his speech went over well son discours a été bien reçu ; to go over big ○ avoir un grand succès ;3 ( switch over) he went over to Labour from the Conservatives il est passé du parti des conservateurs au parti des travaillistes ; to go over to the other side fig passer dans l'autre camp ; we've gone over to gas (central heating) nous sommes passés au chauffage central au gaz ; to go over to Islam se convertir à l'Islam ;▶ go over [sth]1 ( review) passer [qch] en revue [details] ; she went over the events of the day in her mind elle a passé en revue les événements de la journée ; we've gone over the details again and again nous avons déjà passé les détails en revue mille fois ; to go over one's lines ( actor) répéter son texte ; there's no point in going over old ground il n'y a aucune raison de revenir là-dessus ;2 (check, inspect) vérifier [accounts, figures] ; revoir [facts, piece of work] ; I want to go over this article once more before I hand it in je veux relire cet article une dernière fois avant de le remettre ; to go over a house faire le tour d'une maison ;3 ( clean) he went over the room with a duster il a donné un coup de chiffon dans la pièce ; after cleaning, go over the surface with a dry cloth après l'avoir nettoyée, essuyez la surface avec un chiffon sec or passez un chiffon sec sur la surface ;4 to go over a sketch in ink repasser un dessin à l'encre ;5 ( exceed) dépasser ; don't go over £100 ne dépassez pas 100 livres sterling.■ go round GB:▶ go round1 ( turn) [wheel, propeller etc] tourner ; the wheels went round and round les roues n'ont pas arrêté de tourner ; my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne ;2 ( call round) to go round to see sb aller voir qn ; he's gone round to Anna's il est allé chez Anna ;3 ( suffice) there isn't enough food/money to go round il n'y a pas assez de nourriture/d'argent pour tout le monde ; there was barely enough to go round il y en avait à peine assez pour tout le monde ;4 ( circulate) there's a rumour going round that le bruit court que ;5 ( make detour) faire un détour ; we had to go round the long way ou the long way round il a fallu qu'on prenne un chemin plus long ; I had to go round by the bridge il a fallu que je passe par or que je fasse un détour par le pont ;■ go through:1 ( come in) entrer ; if you'll just go (on) through, I'll tell them you're here si vous voulez bien entrer, je vais leur dire que vous êtes arrivé ;2 ( be approved) [law, agreement] passer ; the law failed to go through la loi n'est pas passée ; the divorce hasn't gone through yet le divorce n'a pas encore été prononcé ;3 ( be successfully completed) [business deal] être conclu ;▶ go through [sth]1 ( undergo) endurer, subir [experience, ordeal] ; ( pass through) passer par [stage, phase] ; in spite of all he's gone through malgré tout ce qu'il a enduré ; we've all gone through it nous sommes tous passés par là ; she's gone through a lot elle a beaucoup souffert ; he went through the day in a kind of daze toute la journée il a été dans un état second ; the country has gone through two civil wars le pays a connu deux guerres civiles ; to go through a crisis traverser une crise ; as you go through life au fur et à mesure que tu vieillis, en vieillissant ; you have to go through the switchboard/right authorities il faut passer par le standard/les autorités compétentes ; it went through my mind that l'idée m'a traversé l'esprit que ;2 (check, inspect) examiner, étudier ; ( rapidly) parcourir [documents, files, list] ; to go through one's mail parcourir son courrier ; let's go through the points one by one étudions or examinons les problèmes un par un ;3 ( search) fouiller [person's belongings, baggage] ; to go through sb's pockets/drawers fouiller dans les poches/tiroirs de qn ; at customs they went through all my things à la douane ils ont fouillé toutes mes affaires ;4 (perform, rehearse) répéter [scene] ; expliquer [procedure] ; let's go through the whole scene once more répétons or reprenons toute la scène une dernière fois ; there are still a certain number of formalities to be gone through il y a encore un certain nombre de formalités à remplir ; I went through the whole procedure with him je lui ai expliqué comment il fallait procéder en détail ;5 (consume, use up) dépenser [money] ; we went through three bottles of wine nous avons bu or descendu ○ trois bouteilles de vin ; I've gone through the elbows of my jacket j'ai usé ma veste aux coudes.▶ go through with [sth] réaliser, mettre [qch] à exécution [plan] ; in the end they decided to go through with the wedding finalement ils ont décidé de se marier ; I can't go through with it je ne peux pas le faire ; you'll have to go through with it now il va falloir que tu le fasses maintenant.1 ( harmonize) [colours, pieces of furniture etc] aller ensemble ; these colours don't go together ces couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ;2 ( entail each other) aller de pair ; poverty and crime often go together la pauvreté et le crime vont souvent de pair ;3 ○ †( have relationship) [couple] sortir ensemble.■ go under1 [boat, ship] couler, sombrer ; [drowning person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ;■ go up:▶ go up1 ( ascend) monter ; to go up to bed monter se coucher ; they've gone up to London ils sont allés or montés à Londres ; they've gone up to Scotland ils sont allés en Écosse ; ‘going up!’ ( in elevator) ‘on monte!’ ;2 ( rise) [price, temperature] monter ; Theat [curtain] se lever (on sur) ; petrol has gone up (in price) (le prix de) l'essence a augmenté ; unemployment is going up le chômage augmente or est en hausse ; our membership has gone up le nombre de nos adhérents a augmenté ; a cry went up from the crowd un cri est monté or s'est élevé de la foule ;3 ( be erected) [building] être construit ; [poster] être affiché ; new office blocks are going up all over the place on construit de nouveaux immeubles un peu partout ;4 (be destroyed, blown up) [building] sauter, exploser ;6 ( be upgraded) the team has gone up to the first division l'équipe est passée en première division ;7 ( continue) the book/series goes up to 1990 le livre/la série va jusqu'en 1990 ;▶ go up [sth]1 ( mount) monter, gravir [hill, mountain] ;2 to go up a class Sch passer dans une classe supérieure.■ go with:▶ go with [sth]1 (match, suit) aller avec ; your shirt goes with your blue eyes ta chemise va bien avec tes yeux bleus ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;2 ( accompany) aller de pair avec ; the car goes with the job la voiture va de pair avec la situation ; the responsibilities that go with parenthood les responsabilités qui vont de pair avec le fait d'être parent ;■ go without:▶ go without s'en passer ; you'll just have to go without! il va falloir que tu t'en passes!, il va falloir que tu fasses sans! ;▶ go without [sth] se passer de [food, luxuries]. -
15 work
A n1 ( physical or mental activity) travail m (on sur) ; to be at work on sth être en train de travailler à qch ; to watch sb at work regarder qn (en train de) travailler ; to go to ou set to ou get to work se mettre au travail ; to go to ou set to ou get to work on sth se mettre à travailler à or faire qch ; to set to work doing se mettre à faire ; to put a lot of work into travailler [essay, speech] ; passer beaucoup de temps sur [meal, preparations] ; to put a lot of work into doing passer beaucoup de temps à faire ; to put ou set sb to work faire travailler qn ; we put him to work doing nous lui avons donné pour tâche de faire ; it was hard work doing ça a été dur de faire ; to be hard at work travailler consciencieusement ; your essay needs more work tu dois travailler davantage ta rédaction ; there's still a lot of work to be done il reste encore beaucoup à faire ; I've got work to do j'ai du travail à faire ; to make short ou light work of sth expédier qch ; to make short work of sb envoyer promener qn ; it's all in a day's work c'est une question d'habitude ; ‘good ou nice work’ ( on written work) ‘bon travail’ ; ( orally) ‘c'est bien!’ ; it's hot/thirsty work ça donne chaud/soif ;2 ( occupation) travail m ; to be in work avoir du travail or un emploi ; to look for work chercher du travail ; day/night work travail de jour/nuit ; place of work lieu m de travail ; to start ou begin work ( daily) commencer le travail ; ( for the first time) commencer à travailler ; to stop work ( at the end of the day) terminer son travail ; ( on retirement) cesser de travailler ; to be off work ( on vacation) être en congé ; to be off work with flu être en arrêt de travail parce qu'on a la grippe ; to be out of work être au chômage ; nice work if you can get it ○ ! c'est une bonne planque ○ ! ;3 ( place of employment) ( office) bureau m ; ( factory) usine f ; to go to work aller au travail ; don't phone me at work ne me téléphone pas à mon travail ; there's a canteen at work il y a une cantine à mon travail ;4 (building, construction) travaux mpl (on sur) ;5 ( papers) to take one's work home lit emporter du travail chez soi ; fig ramener ses soucis professionnels à sa famille ; spread your work out on the table étale tes papiers sur la table ;6 (achievement, product) (essay, report) travail m ; (artwork, novel, sculpture) œuvre f (by de) ; ( study) ouvrage m (by de ; on sur) ; an exhibition of work by young artists une exposition d'œuvres de jeunes artistes ; he sells his work to tourists il vend ses créations aux touristes ; is this all your own work? est-ce que vous l'avez fait tout seul? ; to mark students' work noter les devoirs des étudiants ; his work isn't up to standard son travail n'a pas le niveau requis ; the research was the work of a team la recherche était l'œuvre d'une équipe ; a work of genius une œuvre de génie ; a work of fiction une œuvre de fiction ; a work of reference un ouvrage de référence ; this attack is the work of professionals l'attaque est l'œuvre de professionnels ; I hope you're pleased with your work! iron j'espère que tu es fier de ton œuvre! iron ; the works of Shakespeare/Flaubert l'œuvre m de Shakespeare/Flaubert ;7 Phys travail m ;8 ( research) recherches fpl (on sur) ; there is still a lot of work to be done on the virus il y a encore beaucoup de recherches à faire sur le virus ;9 ( effect) to go to work [drug, detergent] agir ; the weedkiller has done its work l'herbicide a été efficace.3 ○ ( everything) the (full ou whole) works toute la panoplie ○.D vtr1 ( drive) to work sb hard surmener qn ;2 ( labour) to work shifts travailler en équipes (de travail posté) ; to work days/nights travailler de jour/de nuit ; to work one's passage Naut travailler pour payer son voyage ; to work one's way through university travailler pour payer ses études ; to work one's way through a book/document lire un livre/document ; to work a 40 hour week faire la semaine de 40 heures ;3 ( operate) se servir de [computer, equipment, lathe] ;4 ( exploit commercially) exploiter [oil-field, land, mine, seam] ;5 ( have as one's territory) [representative] couvrir [region] ; beggars/prostitutes work the streets around the station les mendiants/prostituées occupent les rues autour de la gare ;6 ( consume) to work one's way through ( use) utiliser [amount, quantity] ; to work one's way through two whole cakes manger deux gâteaux entiers ;7 ( bring about) to work wonders/miracles lit, fig faire des merveilles/miracles ; the landscape started to work its magic on me la magie du paysage a commencé à faire effet ;8 ( use to one's advantage) to work the system profiter du système ; can you work it for me to get tickets? peux-tu t'arranger pour m'avoir des billets? ; how did you manage to work it? comment as-tu pu arranger ça? ; I've worked things so that… j'ai arrangé les choses de sorte que… (+ subj) ;9 ( fashion) travailler [clay, dough, gold, iron] ; to work sth to a soft consistency travailler qch pour le rendre malléable ; to work gold into jewellery travailler l'or pour en faire des bijoux ;11 ( manoeuvre) to work sth into introduire qch dans [slot, hole] ; to work a lever up and down actionner un levier ;12 ( exercise) faire travailler [muscles, biceps] ;13 ( move) to work one's way through se frayer un passage à travers [crowd] ; to work one's way along avancer le long de [ledge, sill] ; to work one's hands free se libérer les mains ; to work the rope loose desserrer la corde ; it worked its way loose, it worked itself loose il s'est desserré peu à peu ; to work its way into passer dans [bloodstream, system, food, chain] ; start at the top and work your way down commencez par le haut et continuez jusqu'en bas.E vi1 ( engage in activity) travailler (doing à faire) ; to work at the hospital/the factory travailler à l'hôpital/l'usine ; to work at home travailler à domicile ; to work as a midwife/teacher travailler comme sage-femme/professeur ; to work for sb travailler pour qn ; to work for Grant and Company travailler pour la Société Grant ; to work in advertising/publishing travailler dans la publicité/l'édition ; to work with young people travailler avec les jeunes ; to work for a living gagner sa vie ; to work in oils/watercolours [artist] travailler à l'huile/l'aquarelle ;2 ( strive) lutter (against contre ; for pour ; to do pour faire) ; to work against corruption lutter contre la corruption ; to work towards se diriger vers [solution] ; s'acheminer vers [compromise] ; négocier [agreement] ;3 ( function) [equipment, machine] fonctionner, marcher ; [institution, system, heart, brain] fonctionner ; to work on electricity/on gas marcher or fonctionner à l'électricité/au gaz ; to work off the mains marcher sur le secteur ; the washing machine isn't working la machine à laver est en panne or ne marche pas ;4 (act, operate) it doesn't ou things don't work like that ça ne marche pas comme ça ; to work on the assumption that présumer que ; to work in sb's favour, to work to sb's advantage tourner à l'avantage de qn ; to work against sb, to work to sb's disadvantage jouer en la défaveur de qn ;5 ( be successful) [treatment] avoir de l'effet ; [detergent, drug] agir (against contre ; on sur) ; [spell] agir ; [plan, plot] réussir ; [argument, hypothesis] tenir debout ; flattery won't work with me la flatterie ne marche pas avec moi ; the adaptation really works l'adaptation est vraiment réussie ; I didn't think the novel would work as a film je ne pensais pas qu'on pouvait tirer un bon film de ce roman ;6 ( move) [face, features] se contracter.F v refl2 ( rouse) to work oneself into a rage se mettre en colère ; to work oneself into a frenzy ( with anger) se mettre en rage ; ( with hysteria) devenir hystérique.to work one's way up gravir tous les échelons ; to work one's way up the company faire son chemin dans l'entreprise.■ work around:▶ work around to [sth] aborder [subject] ; it took him ages to work around to what he wanted to say il lui a fallu un temps fou pour exprimer ce qu'il avait à dire ; to work the conversation around to sth faire tourner la conversation autour de qch ; to work around to telling sb sth parvenir à dire qch à qn.■ work in:▶ work in [sth], work [sth] in2 Culin incorporer [ingredient].■ work off:▶ work [sth] off, work off [sth]2 ( repay) travailler pour rembourser [loan, debt] ;3 ( get rid of) se débarrasser de [excess weight] ; dépenser [excess energy] ; passer [anger, frustration].■ work on:▶ work on continuer à travailler ;▶ work on [sb] travailler ○ ;▶ work on [sth] travailler à [book, report] ; travailler sur [project] ; s'occuper de [case, problem] ; chercher [cure, solution] ; examiner [idea, theory] ; I'm working on a way of doing je cherche une façon de faire ; ‘have you found a solution?’-‘I'm working on it’ ‘as-tu trouvé une solution?’-‘j'y réfléchis’ ; he's working on his French il travaille son français ; we've got no clues to work on nous n'avons aucun indice.■ work out:▶ work out1 ( exercise) s'entraîner ;2 ( go according to plan) [plan, marriage] marcher ; I hope things work out for them j'espère que ça marchera pour eux ;▶ work out [sth], work [sth] out1 ( calculate) calculer [answer, average, total] ;2 ( solve) trouver [answer, reason, culprit] ; résoudre [riddle, problem] ; comprendre [clue] ; to work out why/when/where comprendre pourquoi/quand/où ; to work out what sth means comprendre qch ;4 Admin to work out one's notice faire son mois de préavis ;5 ( exhaust) épuiser [mine, soil] ;▶ work [sb] out comprendre ; I can't work her out je ne la comprendrai jamais.■ work over ○:▶ work [sb] over passer [qn] à tabac ○.■ work to:▶ work to [sth] s'astreindre à [budget] ; to work to deadlines travailler avec des objectifs ; to work to tight deadlines avoir des délais très serrés.■ work up:▶ work up [sth] développer [interest] ; accroître [support] ; to work up the courage to do trouver le courage de faire ; to work up some enthusiasm for s'enthousiasmer pour ; to work up an appetite s'ouvrir l'appétit ;▶ work up to [sth] se préparer à [announcement, confession, confrontation] ; the music is working up to a climax la musique va crescendo pour finir en apothéose ;▶ work up [sb], work [sb] up1 ( excite) exciter [child, crowd] ; to work sb up into a frenzy rendre qn énervé ; to work sb up into a rage mettre qn en colère ;2 ( annoy) énerver ; to get worked up s'énerver ; to work oneself up s'énerver ; to work oneself up into a state se mettre dans tous ses états ; to get oneself all worked up over ou about se mettre dans tous ses états au sujet de. -
16 Hunter, John
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 14 (registered 13) February 1728 East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, Scotlandd. 16 October 1793 London, England[br]Scottish surgeon and anatomist, pioneer of experimental methods in medicine and surgery.[br]The younger brother of William Hunter (1718–83), who was of great distinction but perhaps of slightly less achievement in similar fields, he owed much of his early experience to his brother; William, after a period at Glasgow University, moved to St George's Hospital, London. In his later teens, John assisted a brother-in-law with cabinet-making. This appears to have contributed to the lifelong mechanical skill which he displayed as a dissector and surgeon. This skill was particularly obvious when, after following William to London in 1748, he held post at a number of London teaching hospitals before moving to St George's in 1756. A short sojourn at Oxford in 1755 appears to have been unfruitful.Despite his deepening involvement in the study of comparative anatomy, facilitated by the purchase of animals from the Tower menagerie and travelling show people, he accepted an appointment as a staff surgeon in the Army in 1760, participating in the expedition to Belle Isle and also serving in Portugal. He returned home with over 300 specimens in 1763 and, until his appointment as Surgeon to St George's in 1768, was heavily involved in the examination of this and other material, as well as in studies of foetal testicular descent, placental circulation, the nature of pus and lymphatic circulation. In 1772 he commenced lecturing on the theory and practice of surgery, and in 1776 he was appointed Surgeon-Extraordinary to George III.He is rightly regarded as the founder of scientific surgery, but his knowledge was derived almost entirely from his own experiments and observations. His contemporaries did not always accept or understand the concepts which led to such aphorisms as, "to perform an operation is to mutilate a patient we cannot cure", and his written comment to his pupil Jenner: "Why think. Why not trie the experiment". His desire to establish the aetiology of gonorrhoea led to him infecting himself, as a result of which he also contracted syphilis. His ensuing account of the characteristics of the disease remains a classic of medicine, although it is likely that the sequelae of the condition brought about his death at a relatively early age. From 1773 he suffered recurrent anginal attacks of such a character that his life "was in the hands of any rascal who chose to annoy and tease him". Indeed, it was following a contradiction at a board meeting at St George's that he died.By 1788, with the death of Percival Pott, he had become unquestionably the leading surgeon in Britain, if not Europe. Elected to the Royal Society in 1767, the extraordinary variety of his collections, investigations and publications, as well as works such as the "Treatise on the natural history of the human teeth" (1771–8), gives testimony to his original approach involving the fundamental and inescapable relation of structure and function in both normal and disease states. The massive growth of his collections led to his acquiring two houses in Golden Square to contain them. It was his desire that after his death his collection be purchased and preserved for the nation. It contained 13,600 specimens and had cost him £70,000. After considerable delay, Par-liament voted inadequate sums for this purpose and the collection was entrusted to the recently rechartered Royal College of Surgeons of England, in whose premises this remarkable monument to the omnivorous and eclectic activities of this outstanding figure in the evolution of medicine and surgery may still be seen. Sadly, some of the collection was lost to bombing during the Second World War. His surviving papers were also extensive, but it is probable that many were destroyed in the early nineteenth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1767. Copley Medal 1787.Bibliography1835–7, Works, ed. J.F.Palmer, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London.MG -
17 Learning
One mental function or activity improves others in so far as and because they are in part identical with it, because it contains elements common to them. Addition improves multiplication because multiplication is largely addition; knowledge of Latin gives increased ability to learn French because many of the facts learned in the one case are needed in the other. (Thorndike, 1906, p. 243)The Law of Effect is that: Of several responses made to the same situation, those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal, have their connections with that situation weakened, so that, when it recurs, they will be less likely to recur. The greater the satisfaction or discomfort, the greater the strengthening or weakening of the bond.The Law of Exercise is that: Any response to a situation will, other things being equal, be more strongly connected with the situation in proportion to the number of times it has been connected with that situation and to the average vigor and duration of the connections. (E. L. Thorndike, 1970, p. 244)The main objection to the prevailing [associationist] theory, which makes one kind of connection the basis of all learning, is not that it may be incorrect but that in the course of psychological research it has prevented an unbiased study of other kinds of learning. (Katona, 1940, pp. 4-5)I believe that learning by examples, learning by being told, learning by imitation, learning by reinforcement and other forms are much like one another. In the literature on learning there is frequently an unstated assumption that these various forms are fundamentally different. But I think the classical boundaries between the various kinds of learning will disappear once superficially different kinds of learning are understood in terms of processes that construct and manipulate descriptions. (Winston, 1975, p. 185)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Learning
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18 Mind
It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)[Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive AnalysesRecent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind
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